Vad är en stump monkey

Genus of Old World monkeys

"Macaca" redirects here. For a racial slur for dark-skinned people, see Macaca (term).

The macaques ()^[2] constitute a genus (Macaca) of gregariousOld World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 23 species of macaques inhabit ranges throughout Asia, North Africa, and (in Gibraltar) europe.

Macaques are principally frugivorous (preferring fruit), although their diet also includes seeds, leaves, flowers, and tree bark. Some species such as the long-tailed macaque (M. fascicularis; also called the crab-eating macaque) will supplement their diets with small amounts of meat from shellfish, insects, and small mammals. On average, a southern pig-tailed macaque (M.

nemestrina) in Malaysia eats about 70 large rats each year.^[3][4] All macaque social groups are arranged around dominant matriarchs.^[5]

Macaques are funnen in a variety of habitats throughout the Asian continent and are highly adaptable. Certain species are synanthropic, having learned to live alongside humans, but they have become problematic in urban areas in Southeast Asia and are not suitable to live with, as they can carry transmittable diseases.

Most macaque species are listed as vulnerable to critically endangered on the International Union of the Conservation of natur (IUCN) Red List.

Description

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Aside from humans (genus Homo), the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to the Indian subcontinent, and in the case of the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), to North Africa and Southern europe.

Twenty-three macaque species are currently recognized. Macaques are kraftig primates whose arms and legs are about the same in length. The fur of these animals fryst vatten typically varying shades of brown or black and their muzzles are rounded in beskrivning with nostrils on the upper surface. The svans varies among each species, which can be long, moderate, short or totally absent.^[6]Although several species lack tails, and their common names refer to them as apes, these are true monkeys, with no greater relationship to the true apes than any other Old World monkeys.

Instead, this comes from an earlier definition of 'ape' that included primates generally.^[7]

In some species, skin folds join the second through fifth toes, almost reaching the first metatarsal joint.^[8] The monkey's storlek differs depending on sex and species. Males from all species can range from 41 to 70 cm (16 to 28 inches) in head and body length, and in vikt from 5.5 to 18 kg (12.13 to 39.7 lb).^[6] Females can range from a vikt of 2.4 to 13 kg (5.3 to 28.7 lb).

These primates live in troops that vary in storlek, where males dominate, however the beställning of dominance frequently shifts. kvinna dominance lasts längre and depends upon their genealogical position. Macaques are able to swim and spend most of their time on the ground and spend some time in trees. They have large pouches in their cheeks where they carry extra food. They are considered highly smart eller klok and are often used in the medical field for experimentation due to their remarkable similarity to humans in emotional and cognitive development.

Extensive experimentation has led to the long-tailed macaque being listed as endangered.^[6]

Distribution and habitat

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Macaques are highly adaptable to different habitats and climates and can tolerate a bred fluctuation of temperatures and live in varying landscape settings. They easily adapt to human-built environments and can survive well in urban settings if they are able to obtain food.

They can also survive in completely natural settings absent of humans.

The ecological and geographic ranges of the macaque are the widest of any non-human primate.

Distribution It is distributed from northeastern India and southern China into the northwest tip of West Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula

Their habitats include the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, India, arid mountains of Pakistan and Afghanistan, and temperate mountains in Algeria, Japan, China, Morocco, and Nepal. Some species also inhabit villages and towns in cities in Asia.^[9] There fryst vatten also an introduced population of rhesus macaques in the US state of Florida consisting, essentially, of monkeys abandoned when a failed boat ride-safari was shut down in the mid-20th century.

A probable Early Pliocene macaque molar from the Red Crag Formation (Waldringfield, United Kingdom), represents one of the oldest and northernmost records of the genus in europe reported to date.^[10]

Ecology and behavior

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Diet

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Macaques are mainly frugivorous, although some species have been observed feeding on insects.

In natural habitats, they have been observed to consume certain parts of over one hundred species of plants including the buds, fruit, ung leaves, bark, roots, and flowers. When macaques live amongst people, they raid agricultural crops such as wheat, rice, or sugarcane; and garden crops like tomatoes, bananas, melons, mangos, or papayas.^[11] In human settings, they also rely heavily on direkt handouts from people.

This includes peanuts, rice, legumes, or even prepared food.

Group structure

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Macaques live in established social groups that can range from a few individuals to several hundred, as they are social animals. A typical social group possess between 20 and 50 individuals of all ages and of both sexes. The typical composition consists of 15% adult males, 35% adult females, 20% infants, and 30% juveniles, though there exists variation in structure and storlek of groups across populations.^{[citation needed]}

Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy, with different classifications of envälde depending on species.^[13] If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-ranking macaque, then the one higher in ställning eller tillstånd can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.^[14]

Reproduction and mortality

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The fortplantnings- potential of each species differs.

Populations of the rhesus macaque can grow at rates of 10% to 15% per year if the environmental conditions are favorable. However, some forest-dwelling species are endangered with much lower fortplantnings- rates.^{[citation needed]} After one year of age, macaques move from being dependent on their mother during infancy, to the juvenile scen, where they begin to associate more with other juveniles through rough tumble and playing activities.

They sexually mature between three and fem years of age. Females will usually stay with the social group in which they were born; however, ung adult males tend to disperse and attempt to enter other social groups. Not all males succeed in joining other groups and may become solitary, attempting to join other social groups for many years.^{[citation needed]} Macaques have a typical lifespan of 20 to 30 years.

As invasive species

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Certain species beneath the genus Macaca have become invasive in certain parts of the world, while others that survive in forest habitats remain threatened. The long-tailed macaque (M. fascicularis) fryst vatten listed as a threat and invasive alien species in mauritius, along with the rhesus macaques (M.

mulatta) in Florida.^[15] Despite this, the former fryst vatten listed as endangered.

The long-tailed macaque causes severe damage to parts of its range where it has been introduced because the populations grow unchecked due to a lack of predators.^[16] On the island of mauritius, they have created serious conservation concerns for other endemic species.

They consume seeds of native plants and aid in the spread of exotic weeds throughout the forests. This changes the composition of the habitats and allows them to be rapidly overrun bygd invasive plants.

Long-tailed macaques are also responsible for the nära extinction of several bird species on mauritius bygd destroying the nests of the birds as they move through their native ranges and eat the eggs of critically endangered species, such as the pink pigeon and Mauritian green parrot.^[17] They can be serious agricultural pests because they raid crops and gardens and humans often skott the monkeys which can eliminate entire local populations.

In Florida, a group of rhesus macaques inhabit Silver Springs State Park. Humans often feed them, which may alter their movement and keep them close to the river on weekends where high human traffic fryst vatten present.^[15] The monkeys can become aggressive toward humans (largely due to human ignorance of macaque behavior), and also carry potentially fatal human diseases, including the herpes B virus.^[18]

Relations with humans

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Several species of macaque are used extensively in djur testing, particularly in the neuroscience of visual observation and the visual struktur.

Nearly all (73–100%) captive rhesus macaques are carriers of the herpes B virus. This virus fryst vatten harmless to macaques, but infections of humans, while rare, are potentially fatal, a fara that makes macaques unsuitable as pets.^[19]

Urban performing macaques also carried simian foamy virus, suggesting they could be involved in the species-to-species jump of similar retroviruses to humans.^[20]

Population control

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Management techniques have historically been controversial, and public disapproval can hinder control efforts.

Previously, efforts to remove macaque individuals were met with public resistance.^[15] One management strategy that fryst vatten currently being explored fryst vatten that of sterilization. Natural resource managers are being educated bygd scientific studies in the proposed strategy. Effectiveness of this strategy fryst vatten estimated to succeed in keeping populations in betalningsmedel.

For example, if 80% of females are sterilized every fem years, or 50% every two years, it could effectively reduce the population.^[15] Other control strategies include planting specific trees to provide protection to native birds from macaque predation, live trapping, and the vaccine svinaktig zona pellucida (PZP), which causes infertility in females.^[17]

Cloning

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See also: List of animals that have been cloned

In January 2018, scientists in China reported in the journal Cell the first creation of two crab-eating macaqueclones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using somatic fängelse nuclear transfer – the same method that produced Dolly the sheep.^{[21][22][23][24]}

Species

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Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN ställning eller tillstånd and estimated population
Toque macaque	M. sinica (Linnaeus, 1771) Three subspecies M. s. aurifrons (Pale-fronted toque macaque) M. s. opisthomelas (Highland toque macaque) M. s. The stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque native to South Asia and Southeast Asia sinica (Common toque macaque)	Sri Lanka	Size: 36–53 cm (14–21 in) long, plus at least 36–53 cm (14–21 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[26] Diet: Fruit as well as tree flowers, buds, and leaves[27]	EN  Unknown [26]
Arunachal macaque	M. munzala Sinha, Datta, Madhusudan, Mishra, 2005	Eastern Himalayas	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[28] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	EN  250 [28]
Assam macaque	M. assamensis (McClelland, 1840) Two subspecies M. a. assamensis (Eastern Assamese macaque) M. a. pelops (Western Assamese macaque)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[29] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	NT  Unknown [29]
Barbary macaque	M. sylvanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Northwestern Africa	Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0–1 in) tail[30] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and caves[31] Diet: Plants, caterpillars, fruit, seeds, roots, and fungi[30]	EN  Unknown [31]
Bonnet macaque	M. radiata (Geoffroy, 1812) Two subspecies M. r. diluta M. r. radiata	Southern India	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[32] Diet: Fruit, foliage, and insects, as well as bird eggs and lizards[33]	VU  Unknown [32]
Booted macaque	M. ochreata (Ogilby, 1841)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest and savanna[34] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	VU  Unknown [34]
Celebes crested macaque	M. nigra (Desmarest, 1822)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 44–57 cm (17–22 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail[35] Habitat: Forest[36] Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, shoots, leaves, and stems[35]	CR  Unknown [36]
Crab-eating macaque	M. fascicularis (Raffles, 1821) Ten subspecies M. f. atriceps (Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque) M. f. aureus (Burmese long-tailed macaque) M. f. condorensis (Con Song long-tailed macaque) M. f. fascicularis (Common long-tailed macaque) M. f. fusca (Simeulue long-tailed macaque) M. f. karimondjawae (Kemujan long-tailed macaque) M. f. lasiae (Lasia long-tailed macaque) M. Almost f. philippensis (Philippine long-tailed macaque) M. f. tua (Maratua long-tailed macaque) M. f. umbrosus (Nicobar long-tailed macaque)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 40–47 cm (16–19 in) long, plus 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tail Habitat: Forest, intertidal marine, caves, inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[37] Diet: Fruit, crabs, flowers, insects, leaves, fungi, grasses, and clay[38]	EN  Unknown [37]
Formosan rock macaque	M. cyclopis Swinhoe, 1862	Taiwan	Size: 36–45 cm (14–18 in) long, plus 26–46 cm (10–18 in) tail[39] Habitat: Forest[40] Diet: Fruit, leaves, berries, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, buds, and shoots[39]	LC  Unknown [40]
Gorontalo macaque	M. nigrescens (Temminck, 1849)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[41] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	VU  Unknown [41]
Heck's macaque	M. hecki (Matschie, 1901)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest and grassland[42] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	VU  100,000 [42]
Japanese macaque	M. fuscata (Blyth, 1875)	Japan	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[43] Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, nectar, leaves, and fungi[44]	LC  Unknown [43]
Lion-tailed macaque	M. silenus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Southwestern India	Size: 40–61 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 24–38 cm (9–15 in) tail[45] Habitat: Forest[46] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, insects, lizards, tree frogs, and small mammals[45]	EN  2,400–2,500 [46]
Moor macaque	M. maura (Schinz, 1825)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest and grassland[47] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	EN  Unknown [47]
Muna-Buton macaque	M. brunnescens (Matschie, 1901)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[48] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	VU  Unknown [48]
Northern pig-tailed macaque	M. leonina (Blyth, 1863)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[49] Diet: Leaves, seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bamboo shoots, rice, gums, insects, larvae, termite eggs and spiders[49]	VU  Unknown [49]
Pagai Island macaque	M. pagensis (G. S. Miller, 1903)	Mentawai Islands in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[50] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	CR  2,100–3,700 [50]
Rhesus macaque	M. mulatta (Zimmermann, 1790)	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 19–32 cm (7–13 in) tail[51] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[52] Diet: Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, crayfish, crabs, spiders, plants, gums and pith[52]	LC  Unknown [52]
Siberut macaque	M. siberu Fuentes, 1995	Siberut island in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[53] Diet: Fruit, as well as mushrooms, leaves, crabs, crayfish, märg, sap, shoots and flowers[53]	EN  Unknown [53]
Southern pig-tailed macaque	M. nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 46–57 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 13–26 cm (5–10 in) tail[54] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[55] Diet: Fruit, insects, seeds, leaves, dirt, and fungus, as well as birds, termite eggs and larvae, and river crabs[54]	EN  Unknown [55]
Stump-tailed macaque	M. arctoides (I. Geoffroy, 1831)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 48–65 cm (19–26 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[56] Habitat: Forest[57] Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, roots, leaves, frogs, crabs, birds, and bird eggs[56]	VU  Unknown [57]
Tibetan macaque	M. thibetana (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) Four subspecies M. t. esau M. t. guiahouensis M. t. huangshanensis M. t. thibetana	East China	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest and caves[58] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, berries, seeds, leaves, stems, stalks, and invertebrates[58]	NT  Unknown [58]
Tonkean macaque	M. tonkeana (von Meyer, 1899)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[59] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	VU  Unknown [59]
White-cheeked macaque	M. leucogenys Li, Zhao, Fan, 2015	Northeastern India	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[25] Habitat: Forest[60] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates[25]	EN  Unknown [60]

Prehistoric (fossil) species

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See also

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References

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